Rabindranath Tagore Contribution Towards Education Free Essays

What are the contributions of Mahatma Gandhi in Education? SWASTIK Historical Development of Basic Edcuation Mahatma Gandhi explained the concept of Basic Education through a series of articles in his Harijan magazine in 1937. In the conference at Wardha after a detailed discussion about Gandhiji’s articles the scheme of Basic Education took shape under the leadership of Dr. Zakir Hussain. We will write a custom essay sample on Rabindranath Tagore Contribution Towards Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following four resolutions were passed. (i) Free and compulsory education should be given to all children for a period of seven years. (ii) The medium of instruction should be the mother tongue, iii) The process of education should be centred round some form of manual production work in the shape of a craft. (iv) This education should be self-supporting to some extent. The Central Advisory Board of Education set up a Committee under the Chairmanship of Sri B. G. Kher to suggest measures for implementing these resolutions. Then another Committee was appointed under the same Chairman to recommend action coordinating the Basic Education with higher education. The recommendations of both these Committees were approved by the CABE and included in the Report on Post-war Educational Development in India. Also read: Woman Unknown by Rabindranath Tagore In 1944, although Govts, both at the national and state levels accepted Basic Education as the national pattern, progress in its implementation was not satisfactory. Merits of Basic Education (1) Work as a central place: Since work occupies a central place in life, it had an important place in Basic Education. Dignity of labour was emphasized by him and work was made an integral part of this education. (2) A new method of teaching: Through Basic Education Gandhiji introduced a new method of teaching. This method is to teach all subjects through crafts and taken as activity-centred meant to free children from tyranny of words and cramming. 3) Self-supporting education: As a corollary to craft-centred education, it was visualized by Gandhiji that schools need be self- supporting. The carfts organized scientifically would result in more production and the sale-proceeds must fetch a good income. (4) Socially sound system of education: Basic education was sound sociologically. The then cl ass-labour and chasm between mental and physical labour and the spirit of dependence on others were required to be removed from the society. In short, Basic education was intended to eradicate many ills of the society. 5) Training for Citizenship: Basic education was providing for training students in democratic living and practices. It was aiming at forming positive attitudes, creating interests and appreciation, developing understanding and imparting skills in citizenship. On the whole, it was a training citizenship. Drawbacks in Basic Education (1) Selection of Crafts: Since craft was occupying an important place in Basic school curriculum, selection of a suitable craft was determining the success and efficiency of Basic Education. But most of the schools followed the trodden path or tereotyped process without bothering for the local conditions and needs. For example, in the areas where cotton was not grown and had to be brought from a long distance, weaving was introduced as a c raft even in those areas. (2) The Principles of Correlation: In Basic schools every subject was being taught through a craft. The principle of correlation was tried to be adopted in all subjects, but in real situation it was done as a ritual without any sincerity or seriousness. In fact, correlation was a slogan and fiction. (3) The Idealism of self-sufficiency: It was complained that the schools cannot be made self-sufficient with the production by children. The concept of self-sufficiency was thought to be idealism and was not emphasized by most of the teachers and inspecting officers. Products by unskilled hands were not selling well and fetching adequate income. Rather Basic Schools were more expensive than traditional schools. (4) The Principles of Equality: Although Basic Education was visualized to be socially sound for removing the existing disparities, it was rather aggravating the situation. It was tending to be meant for the children of poor labourers and farmers only and children of high class families were not going to these schools. The gulf between poor and rich classes rather widened due to Basic Education. (5) Proper Orientation and Understanding: Basic schools called for highly qualified and well-equipped teachers for properly teaching subjects through correlation and organizing crafts with efficiency. But in fact many teachers employed in such schools were lacking proper understanding of the Basic Education principles and desired orientation with the idealism or values impregnated in the system. Present Condition Although Basic Education faced a sorry state of affairs many of its principles are still appreciated for their practical value and psychology as well as sociological importance. The Kothari Commission, 1964-66 endorsed a large number of its essential features like work experience, community living, community service, citizenship training, world brotherhood, social and spiritual values and integrating knowledge with experience and so no. After a lapse of more than three decades a National Education conference was convened by Shriman Narayan at Sevagram in 1972 where Basic Education was praised by many. A resolution was passed with consensus of all Education Ministers and Vice Chancellors who attended the conference, â€Å"education at all levels should be imparted through socially useful and productive activity, linked with economic growth and development in both rural and urban areas†. The Iswarbhai Patel Committee supported most of the principles of Basic Education with great stress on work education or socially useful productive work. The UNESCO Commission Report â€Å"Learning to Be† also used the term Basic Education for Primary Education and laid emphasis on many forms of social and economic activities to be organized in the schools. The Basic Education system has been hailed as â€Å"the ideal solution for the reform of teaching methods in Indian Schools† by Dr. Gunnar Myrdal, the celebrated author of â€Å"Asian Drama† and as â€Å"one of the most interesting and promising developments in Indian Education† by Prof. Castle the renowned writer of â€Å"Education for self-help†. It goes without saying that India would have been a happier place at present, if the useful features of Basic Education had been given effect to with sincerity of all concerned. How to cite Rabindranath Tagore Contribution Towards Education, Essay examples

PGCE Lifelong Learning

Question: learning theories as supporting evidence and the curiculum should be based on different range of maths level and what inpacts it has on the learners for the functional and life skills. Answer: Curriculum Theory Curriculum theory is primarily an academic discipline that is mainly concentrated on the examination and shaping of the educational curricula. The study of curriculum theory is very wide and it includes the historical analysis of the curriculum methods and the methods to view the contemporary educational policies and curriculum. Many scholars have presented different views on the curriculum among which the views of the scholars Herbert Kliebard and Michael Stephen Schiro are considered to be very significant. On one hand when Kliebards view regarding curriculum theory has an inclination towards the historical approach Schiros theory has a more philosophical approach. The historical approach given by Kliebard examines the forces which are at work and that shaped the American curriculum. It was more prevalent during 1893 and 1958. Schiros theory examines the ideologies of curriculum that influenced the American curriculum. This practice was prevalent during the 1890-2007 (Pinar, 2004). In this theory Kliebard has discussed four curriculum groups which are called humanist, developmentalist, efficiency and social meliorists. On the other hand, the theories of Schiro are social efficiency ideology, learner-centered ideology, social reconstruction ideology and scholar academic ideology. John Dewey's curriculum theory Proceeding to the curriculum theory of another scholar John Dewey it can be noticed that his theory is such that the students are able to deal efficiently with the contemporary world. Hence, he stated that curriculum should have unfinished abstractions however, they should include the preconceptions of the children and should also include the childrens views of their personal world. According to Dewey, there are four instincts that can describe the characteristics of any childs behavior. These four instincts are social, constructive, expressive and artistic. The curriculum theory should be made in accordance to the logical sense of the child and the surroundings. Dewey further stated that the curriculum should be such as to present the capacity level of the child. The primary task is then to find the level, to motivate the material, to allow the routine to make appropriate learning experience for ordinary activities that is not connected to any prior knowledge of the students. Dewey gives an elaborate definition of curriculum theory as a summary or a map or a view of experiences that has been arranged previously to serve as a guide for future experience and give direction. It also enables control, save efforts, prevent aimless wanderings and also point out the ways to lead more quickly and certainly to get a desired result. Further according to Dewey the curriculum theory can be summarized as an organizational plan that can guide and also be adaptable. It takes into consideration the present knowledge level of the student and also figures out the appropriate path. These occupations were used by Dewey to connect with the small versions of the basic activities of classroom life. Among the theories of curriculum the educational theory is one where apparently all the levels of education would be concerned in providing a liberating experience since the education would emphasize in promoting freedom of thought, independence, political and social empowerment, acceptance of opinions with no discrimination based on caste, creed, race, sex or nationality (Paraskeva, 2011). The total curriculum theory is significant and it is the rationale of this curriculum that is of priority. The total curriculum is one that includes the total programme of the educational institution. It is not restricted to the syllabus of the school. The next curriculum is the hidden curriculum that includes those things that the students learn at the schools depending on the way in which the school is organized and planned and also by the materials provided (Pratte, 1981). Sometimes these things are not included explicitly in the planning and are generally communicated to the pupils in an accid ental manner. The planned and received curriculum can be divided to mean the ones that lay down the prospectus and syllabuses for planned curriculum and the one that is the reality of the students experience is the received curriculum (Schiro, 2008). And finally the formal and the informal curriculum which is primarily a distinction between a formal activity which the time table of the school states for specific studies and informal activity that includes sports, excursions, societies or clubs which are together generally termed as extra-curricular activities. Source: (infed.org, 2013) The above diagram depicts the Aristotles knowledge of three disciplines based on the study of curriculum. Here the body of knowledge is transmitted as canon, the process and praxis are the practical part and the technical part is the product model. Critical Analysis of a particular aspect of Curriculum In order to analyse a particular aspect of curriculum, the researcher has chosen the different levels of math to study this aspect of curriculum. In the present times, the education of mathematics may be considered as the practice of teaching and learning different aspects of mathematics and also the scholarly research. The levels of mathematics are different at different times, depending on the different cultures, and different countries with the aim to achieve a number of objectives (Davis, 1967). These objectives are as follows: Teaching and learning the basic skills of numerical for the students; Teaching practical mathematics including arithmetic, elementary algebra, plane and solid geometry and trigonometry to the students; Teaching mathematical concepts such as set and function at an early age; Teaching selected areas of mathematics such as axiomatic system or deductive reasoning; or calculus as an instance of intellectual achievements; Teaching advanced mathematics to those who wish to have a career in Science, Engineering, Mathematics and Technology fields; Teaching heuristics and problem solving strategies. These different levels of mathematics are taught at different ages and different sequences in various countries. Sometimes class is taught at an early age and typical in any honors class. Elementary mathematics is taught is most countries in the same manner with minor differences. For instance in the United States fractions are taught from 1st grade and in other countries it is taught much later. This is primarily because the metric system in their countries does not require the young to be familiar with such things (CHOPPIN, 2009). Generally the countries require very few topics to be dealt in depth unlike United States. These include topics such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division and also pre-algebra (Davis, 1967). In some countries the maths subjects such as geometry, analysis and algebra are taught in separate courses in separate classes in the high school. This subject is integrated in most countries as all branches of the subjects are taught in each year to the students (CHOPPIN, 2009). Sometimes the students are given an option to choose between courses of mathematics. Further students who take up science as their curricula they need to study calculus and trigonometry that includes integral calculus, complex numbers, exponential functions and logarithms and analytical geometry. Also generally probability and statistics was also taught in the secondary classes along with infinite series. Students of science and engineering in various universities and colleges need to take up multi-variable calculus, linear algebra and differential calculus. In the study of majors applied mathematics is studied and in computer science mathematics includes graph theory, probability, proofs and permutations (Schiro, 2008). Innovative programmes in mathematics will necessarily change the contemporary practices and thoughts on the present perception of knowledge and the professional strategies of teachers. This learning and teaching need to occur in a proper social context. Hence construction of knowledge of children must be in an appropriate integrated and holistic fashion (Mathematics learners and mathematics textbooks: a question of identity? Whose curriculum? Whose mathematics?, 2010). So the social context in which the child learns and the teacher teaches becomes extremely significant. The implementation of the mathematics curricula should be in a local context since this implementation is dependent on the high adoption rates by the schools and results of examinations. The economic and the political aspects of the mathematics curriculum must also be considered. It is interesting to know that mathematical relationships can be used responsibly to address certain human rights issues such as the economic al and political relationships. Learners when they develop mathematical sense to represent and misrepresent trends, manipulate data, critically analyse data, make predictions and interpret chance variations. Hence this allows the learners to not only learn mathematics but also utilize these learning in meaningful social, political and economic activities (Mathematics learners and mathematics textbooks: a question of identity? Whose curriculum? Whose mathematics?, 2010). These curriculums happen to be a critical part of mathematics curriculum. This acts as a challenge in the mainstream mathematical education and likewise new and innovative curricula are developed in order to give mathematics a new dimension based on social, political and economic aspect. Evaluation and quality access process for mathematics curriculum In the present times, curriculum evaluation has become increasingly popular generating a lot of interest. There are a number of evaluation models which exist in recent times such as the Bradleys Effectiveness Model, Scrivens Goal-free Model, Stakes Responsive Model and Eisners Connoisseurship Model. The Effectiveness Model is based on the vertical and horizontal curriculum, broad involvement, long-range planning, decision making clarity etc. The objective centered Model is an early curriculum evaluation model which focuses on strength and weaknesses of curriculum. However, the problem is that this model focuses on the assessment without the suggestions. The next model which is the Context, Input, Process, Product Model is more relevant for the educational leaders as this model gives assessment data and makes evaluation much easier for decision making. In this model there are a number of steps that needs to be followed. These include identification of the decisions, identification of the data, collection of the data and determination of the quality. The goal free model aims to divert the attention of the administrators and evaluators to the significance of the unintended effects of the evaluation program. The next model which is the responsive model stresses on the responsibilities of the stakeholders on whom the evaluation effects. The last model is the connoisseurship model which is based o criticism and appreciation. According to this model the evaluation process should be based on these two vital aspects of criticism and appreciation. Other than these models there are more models present for curriculum evaluation. However, there are very few that could be effectively applied to the development projects of mathematics curriculum. Mathematical projects can be evaluated based on the structuralist project. This approach is based on the analysis, creative and systematic application of social interactions and structures in classrooms. Mathematics curriculum can also be based on the new-math approach. This approach of evaluation is based on content evaluation. This particular method of teaching depended on the factual information and performing on the routine calculations. This approach of evaluation was not very effective for mathematics curriculum as there were deficiencies seen in the standardized test performances. Another evaluation procedure on which the mathematics curriculum can be based is the behaviorist approach. Eisenberg had argued that this approach of evaluation since it equates education with evaluation generally miss the spirit of the actual discipline of mathematics. Even this approach of evaluation has been widely criticized by the scholars. Yet the objective model of this behavioral approach gained significance and has also been used in mathematical assessment of curriculum. In this particular approach of evaluation study it was observed that the degree of individualism was high. Observation and interview studies made children more aware than evaluations based on paper and pencil. Another evaluation procedure was the formative approach. This particular approach based on mathematical curriculum focuses on the fact that school education should aim at incorporating personality traits in students. These personality traits include cognitive and motivational activities, affective attitudes or intelligence and performance motivation. Hence the curriculum developer needs to search and match properly the contents which develop these personality traits. The projects which are based on this formative approach would be more illustrative and suggestive instead of being more definitive and comprehensive. Finally the last approach for mathematics curriculum would be the integrated-teaching approach. This approach analyses the particular problem in hand and also tries to erase the boundaries existing between mathematics and other disciplines. This can become a challenge for teachers if they are trained properly in this discipline. This can be considered as the most successful evaluation procedure since it was observed that students who were taught under this procedure showed very good growth than those students who were not taught under this approach. Criticism of the Mathematical Curriculum The modern day mathematics education is based on the investigation on numbers, data and space, connected mathematics etc. In the present days children are explicitly being taught formulas and algorithms which more of an inquiry based approach. The advocates of the modern mathematics state that children should focus on the development of conceptual understanding of the problems rather than just drill on formulas and algorithms. If the understanding is clear then students would develop fluency in the understanding of the concept and calculations. However, this present day approach of mathematics curriculum is facing a lot of criticism from different corners. Scholars state that students must primarily develop skills on computation before they are made to understand the deep concepts of mathematics. Proper practice and memorization of these skills are necessary before they become automatic for the students. When time is spent in practicing skills it is more worthwhile rather than spendi ng time in investigating on mathematical concepts. In order to estimate answers it is essential to have very strong foundational skills. To understand the concepts of mathematics it is essential to have a solid base of mathematical knowledge of the various tools of subject. In the world of academia the traditional methods of mathematics is still used widely. Further, modern mathematics excessively depends on the new technologies such as calculators. Use of such technologies needs to be restricted to some extent till a particular age. Constructive methods when used for children make it unfamiliar with the adults hence making it difficult to work on or help with home work of the children. Students are required to learn the skills of flexible thinking in order to develop the practice to solve problems. Critics state these methods of flexible thinking can be developed only after they have mastered the foundational skills of mathematics. Recommendation and Conclusion As concluding remarks it can be stated that this research study based on the curriculum theory shows the different aspects of the theories and also gives an elaborate analysis of a particular curriculum based on the level of mathematics. Throughout the study it can be observed due to the contemporary changes in the mathematics curriculum the study has become vastly different from the traditional approach. However, even now the involvement of mathematics and education researchers is limited in most cases and also is the examination on curriculum. Teachers should engage more in lesson study and that should be utilized to have a feedback mechanism and that would focus on the school mathematics curriculum. References CHOPPIN, J. (2009). Curriculum-Context Knowledge: Teacher Learning From Successive Enactments of a Standards-Based Mathematics Curriculum.Curriculum Inquiry, 39(2), pp.287-320. Davis, R. (1967).The changing curriculum: mathematics. Washington: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, NEA. infed.org, (2013).Curriculum theory and practice. [online] Available at: https://infed.org/mobi/curriculum-theory-and-practice/ [Accessed 22 Jan. 2015]. Mathematics learners and mathematics textbooks: a question of identity? Whose curriculum? Whose mathematics?. (2010).Curriculum Journal, 21(2), pp.235-235. Paraskeva, J. (2011).Conflicts in curriculum theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Pinar, W. (2004).What is curriculum theory?. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. Pratte, R. (1981). Metaphorical Models and Curriculum Theory.Curriculum Inquiry, 11(4), p.307. Schiro, M. (2008).Curriculum theory. Los Angeles, Calif.: Sage Publications.

(PDP) Personal Development Planning

Question: Write an report PDP or personal development plan? Answer: Introduction This report is on PDP or personal development plan. A person who wants to purse event management in the future must have the following skills and knowledge to get ahead in the field. Use of social networking sites for branding purpose is discussed in this report. Computer literacy skills that are required for an individual is discussed in this report. Personal Development Planning PDP is a useful apparatus for experts and students who yearning to accomplish qualification in their individual or sought field (Beausaert, Segers and Gijselaers, 2011). PDP utilizes the idea of reflection with the goal that one can be on the same track. All the progressions that are obliged to be taken in their life to keep them on track and to enhance the feeble spot, self-awareness arrangement is obliged. It empowers one to see and evaluate their change and helps them to figure out what aptitudes are needed in not so distant future. It helps one towards building achievement and objective setting. Students who are keen on seeking after Event Management can fabricate a vocation in arranging occasions. Students of event management need to arrange occasions like celebrations, services, shows, convections, meetings and gatherings. The most essential angle in occasion administration is to comprehend the gathering of people. Event management alludes to the procedure of facilitating and a rranging an occasion. The requests for individuals who are included with occasion arranging have expanded with the progressing time. Using Social Media To Create A Proffesional Brand Online social sites like Facebook or the blogging site Twitter may offer appealing distractions to the users, but can prove to be effective for brands: Online social sites like Twitter are prodigiously fertile spaces to gather ad business or commerce. This shortly became a method for product promotion and marketing on social globe, whereas, the organizations started to use online websites or communities for driving traffic and developing contacts to their individual websites. Now a day, online social sites form the chief tool of social media promotion. The most frequently used websites that have become radically popular over these last couple years are Facebook and Twitter. Apart from these two, there are some other online sites such as My Space, LinkedIn, StumbleUpon and Digg. Facebook is a online social site which helps colleagues and friends to express views through posting Comments, Wall Posts, and Messages. Facebook has more than three fifty million individuals and has more than 2 million ticks for each year. Measurements express that clients spend a normal of 20 minutes for every day in Facebook. The propelled functionalities of Facebook permit the clients a more drawn out timeframe of realistic usability. A client can see your documents, which are over 5 years of age. With such heavenly elements, Facebook soon turned into one of the lethal apparatuses of SMO and SMM. Organizations, particularly little scale business houses began utilizing the medium of Facebook to advance their brands and administrations. Computer Literacy Skills As we progress into the digital age, computerized innovation just keeps on thriving and turns out to be logically more key in our lives. PCs are all over and more almost everybody who works or wishes to contribute completely inside American culture is being required to be PC proficient, even only for regular living. In the home individuals are utilizing, and expecting to know how to utilize PCs for such a wide assortment of assignments as shopping internet, making travel planes, research, texting, keeping money, and paying bills (Epperson, 2010). What was initial a novel help is currently turning into a totally crucial apparatus for a gigantic amount of every day employments in the home, as well as in a logically more broad exhibit of working environments. So why are our youngsters, our future America, being denied of their entitlement to get a training that that would just advantage American culture? Why isn't PC utilization expanding in the American classroom at a speedier rate? Sh ould PC utilization increment at a speedier rate? The response to the last question is a perfectly clear yes: all signs demonstrate that laborers will should be surely understood with PCs, and boundless examination shows that PCs enhance the learning technique. Before PCs are really utilized as a part of the classroom, educators must get tied up with the idea that innovation is helpful. With the end goal instructors should purchase that contention, they should first make them comprehend of PCs. Which numerous teachers do need all things considered. In a few corners, the need of PC use in the classroom is faulted for the instructor, paying little heed to the way that instructors are frequently not upheld fiscally, instructively, and professionally in the effective reconciliation of PCs into their classrooms. However, faulting the educator won't help the circumstance. Instructors are willing; however, they are not bolstered in their endeavors. Spending plans must mirror a bigger offer of cash for instructor preparing than they right now. Knowledge Of Specialist Subject And Future Career Options Numerous skills are fundamental for a person who wants to seek after a profession in Event management. This course requests that the individual who needs to be an occasion administrator be cordial, with great relational abilities, social aptitudes, facilitator, and so forth (Shone and Parry, 2010). It is extremely fundamental for a man to have the capacity to communicate with individuals of different societies and groups. Communication and social skills are two vital aptitudes needed in seeking after this bearer. Understudies who are occupied with seeking after occasion administration ought to in any event gangs these qualities. It has to be essential for individuals to have these abilities in an office or working environment. It is a field where one is required to speak with others (Cottrell, 2010). One who is occupied with seeking after event management must be bowing on to enhance their communication and soft skill. Clients need to work with individuals who have solid conveying abilities and function admirably with group. Occasion administration business is mostly client situated and along these lines individuals included or willing to be a piece of this business ought to gangs this quality. Time management is a procedure or a demonstration that includes arranging and controlling the time spent on any exercises. Time administration is performed to enhance productivity, efficiency and viability of a procedure or work. It is framework that is outlined with a mix of apparatuses, procedures, techniques and strategies. All the things that are to be performed are sorted in the request of their need. It gives the individuals a knowledge in the work that is to be finished. It computerizes the framework and kills dull undertaking and paper work generally (Bird, 2010). One misuses his or her time on those activities or exercises that we like. One feels happy to do these things yet numerous persons can't do it in light of the fact that they don't modify their assignments as indicated by time. Co-curricular or extracurricular activities make conceivable in the extension of different areas of identity and psyche, for example, sensible advancement, social improvement, passionate improvement, tasteful advancement and good advancement. Inventiveness, and Energetic, Positive intuitions are a portion of the features of identity advancement and the results of extracurricular exercises (Barbieri, 2010). Conclusion PDP is a critical viewpoint in following all the formative changes in the way of accomplishing the objectives. Arranging the strides is critical, as it will control the individual to tail them one by one. In the event that a man gets right inspiration right from the earliest starting point than it will be less demanding for him or her to go ahead and accomplish the sought objective. Occasion organizer needs numerous qualities to succeed. Different abilities that are required by an occasion organizer are talked about in this report (Shone and Parry, 2010). The most vital abilities in this field are correspondence, social and facilitating. One ought to instill some of these qualities as it can help them to develop in any specific field they need to or are intrigued References Barbieri, M. (2010).Extracurricular activities. New York: St. Martin's Press. Beausaert, S., Segers, M. and Gijselaers, W. (2011). The Personal Development Plan Practice Questionnaire: the development and validation of an instrument to assess the employee's perception of personal development plan practice.International Journal of Training and Development, 15(4), pp.249-270. Bird, P. (2010).Improve your time management. Blacklick, OH: McGraw-Hill. Brewster, M. (2010). Special Event Production: The Process, Special Event Production: The Resources.Tourism Management, 31(4), pp.558-559. Cottrell, S. (2010).Skills for success. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Epperson, A. (2010). Computer literacy revisited.ACM Inroads, 1(2), p.30. Forsyth, P. (2010).Successful time management. London: Kogan Page. Manser, M. (2010).Time management secrets. London: Collins. Shone, A. and Parry, B. (2010).Successful event management. Andover, Hampshire: Cengage Learning. Special issue of Event venues: development and management. (2010).Int J Event and Festival Mngt, 1(1). Tucker, F., Duncan, A. and Davis, L. (2011). Investing in yourself: personal development planning in practice.Planet, (24), pp.10-13.

Analysis of Crimes of The Heart essays

Analysis of Crimes of The Heart essays 2. The scenes take place in the home of the Magrath sisters. (Actually it's their grandfather's house, but it is cared for and inhabited primarily by Lenny Magrath.) 3. The house is old, the exact age and condition is not described. 1. The play takes place in the summer sometime during the late 19 70's to early 1980's. 2. The play takes place soon after the birthday of Lenny Magrath, which has a special significance to the characters. 1.The 3 Magrath sisters, Lenny, Babe, and Meggy, are the main cluster of characters. The other three characters are Chick, a Magrath cousin, Barnette, Babe's attorney, and Doc Porter, an old friend of Meg and Lenny. A character that is often talked about is Granddaddy, yet he is never seen. 1. The Magrath sisters complete the different portions that fufill society's image of an ordinary woman. Each of these women play the roles that a normal woman plays such as wife, mother, daughter, and sister. Barnette is a lawyer who is defending Babe, whom he is infatuated with. Doc Porter is a father of two and a husband who once wanted to be a doctor, who now apparently owns a small ranch, he also spent time as a house painter. Granddaddy is an old man who is in the hospital. 2. It seems that all the characters have a mutual respect for each other, aside from Chick who has strong opinions concerning Meg. As I have mentioned the character of Barnette is infatuated with Babe. Babe and Lenny both feel that Meg has always been treated better by their Grandmother and Grandfather. 4. The Characters all live in a democratic nation. 5. The characters pay no attention to religion, it is rarely mentioned in the play. 6. The prevailing attitudes of the characters are that family is important, sex is not considered a bad thing. They seem to con ...

Bacterial Growth Requirements

Bacterial Growth Requirements Free Online Research Papers Bacteria are single celled organisms that can only be seen with a microscope. They are so small that scientists measure them in micrometers. A micrometer is equal to one millionth of a meter. On average, a bacterium is equal to one micrometer long. This would mean that the head of a pin could hold hundreds of thousands of these microorganisms. Bacteria, which can be traced back 3.5 billion years, live all around us and also inside us. They are in the air, soil and water of the earth and in plants and animals as well. In humans bacteria can be found in many places. They are on skin surfaces, the inner surfaces of our nose, throat, stomach and intestines, to name a few. The only places you normally don’t find bacteria in our bodies, according to Encarta,† is in the muscles, blood and the nervous system.† They can, however, invade these areas and cause our immune system to get rid of them. Generally, most bacteria live in or on our bodies and help prevent disease. (pg.2) According to Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology,† growth in the microbial world usually refers to an increase in the population size†. Bacteria reproduce asexually using a process called binary fission. Binary fission involves cytokinesis which is an inward pinching of the cell wall that separates it into two. This process occurs after a cell has grown large enough to divide. Under the right conditions some bacteria can reproduce in 15 to 20 minutes. This means that one cell can become two in that time and those two will then become four cells in about half an hour. After 6 hours, in ideal conditions, one bacterial cell can become 131,000 or more bacteria. (pg.139) In order for bacteria to grow and reproduce they need nutrients and other outside factors. The nutrients are absorbed through pores in the cell wall and passed into the cytoplasm. Some examples of the factors important to cell growth are oxygen, temperature and pH level. â€Å"A thermophile grows at high temperatures, an acidophile grows at low pH, and an osmophile grows at high solute concentration,† are according to textbookofbacteriolgy.com, which shows how the names correspond with growth conditions. (pg.8) Temperature has been deemed one of the most important factors for growth because each species has an ideal growth temperature. The temperature range for these bacteria is a range of approximately 30 degrees with their ideal temp being somewhere in the middle. For example, â€Å"the thermophiles mentioned earlier multiply best at 60 degrees Celsius but still multiply between 40 and 70 degrees,† according to Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology. They tend to multiply better at the higher temperatures than they do at the lower ones. There are, however, cells that are opposite of this and would multiply better at lower temperatures than they would at the higher ones. (pg.147) The next factor important for growth is oxygen. Many bacteria depend highly on oxygen and those are called aerobic cells. Oxygen in aerobic cells is used to make energy which is important for cell function and growth. There are, however, cells that don’t need oxygen and these are called anaerobic. Anaerobic cells would, obviously, use means other than oxygen for their energy source. The pH level, which refers to the acidity or alkalinity level, is very important to bacterial cells. The cytoplasm in most of them has a pH level of 7.0 which is in the neutral range. This would make it important for these cells to be in an environment with a similar level in order for them to grow. There are cells that are more tolerant to lower acid levels and can survive in them. However, the majority don’t grow well in acidic environments. In the human body this is good news for the stomach. The acid levels here would help deter disease and keep bacteria from reaching other areas beyond the stomach. As stated previously, bacteria are everywhere and in most cases are harmless and beneficial. However, there are bacteria that cause disease and when the immune system is not functioning properly they can invade areas of the body. Generally harmless bacteria can also become a problem if they enter the body through a cut or injury and make their way into the bloodstream. The bloodstream is one of the areas bacteria are not normally found and in the case of a weak immune system it would be an ideal place for them to multiply. For many cells the temperature, oxygen and pH levels are perfect in the bloodstream, for growth, and this can cause many problems for the human body. Other places that bacteria can grow which are harmful to a person are food and water. When they multiply to high numbers on things that we ingest it can cause food poisoning and other serious and sometimes deadly diseases. The human immune system is designed to help keep bacteria counts at a normal range to keep us healthy and to fight off attacks of harmful bacteria. There are also other ways in which we can protect ourselves if our immune system is weak. One way is through antibiotics which are antibacterial drugs that are a very important part of the battle with bacteria. However, in time bacteria can become immune to antibiotics so they are no longer effective. Other ways to insure good health and good bacteria counts is through vaccines and maintaining healthy clean environments. These methods will help to prevent bacteria spread and a large number of health issues that go along with it. References Marquis, Robert E. (2007). Bacteria. Encarta.msn.com. Retrieved June 29, 2007, from http://encarta.msn.com/text_761574409___0/Bacteria.html Pommerville, Jeffrey C. (2007) Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology. Eighth Edition. Todar, Kenneth (2004) University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Bacteriology. Nutrition and Growth of Bacteria. Retrieved June 25, 2007, from http://textbookofbacteriology.net/nutgro.html Research Papers on Bacterial Growth RequirementsGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

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